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OBJECTIVE To establish the method for monitoring the dynamic changes of odor components in Cornus officinalis during processing . METHODS The decoction pieces of C. officinalis with different processing time were prepared by the wine steaming method . The dynamic changes of odor components were obtained by using ultra -fast gas electronic nose ；odor components were identified by comparing with AroChemBase database ；the dynamic changes of odor compounds were analyzed in combination with peak area ，and the chemical pattern recognition analysis were carried out . RESULTS A total of 12 common peaks of odor components were identified in the fingerprints of raw C. officinalis，and 21 in the fingerprints of decoction pieces of C. officinalis. Eight odor components with the high proportion of peak area during processing were ethanol ， isopropyl alcohol ， 2- methylpropylaldehyde，ethyl acetate ，2-methylbutanal，isoamyl alcohol ，2-hexanol and furfural ，among which ，the peak areas of ethanol，isoamyl alcohol and 2-hexanol showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing ；at 24 h of processing ，their peak areas were still higher than those of raw products . The peak areas of ethyl acetate ，2-methylbutanal and furfural nearly increased with the increase of processing time . Variable importance in projection of above eight odor components were all greater than 1. CONCLUSIONS The method is established for monitoring the dynamic changes of odor components of C. officinalis during processing. Eight odor components such as ethanol can be used as monitoring indicators of C. officinalis dring processing .
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Fifteen compounds were isolated from fruits of Cornus officinalis by various chromatographic techniques such as Toyopearl HW-40C, Sephadex LH-20, silica gel, and the semi-preparative HPLC. Their chemical structures were identified by analysis of physicochemical properties and spectral data, and determined as neolignan A (1), caffeic acid (2), trans-p-hydroxy cinnamic acid (3), esculetin (4), scopoletin (5), benzyl-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), tachioside (7), 6-O-(4-hydroxybenzoyl) arbutin (8), 2-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxaldehyde (9), (-)-pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), (7S,8R)-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), (7S,8R)-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-9′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (12), (+)-lyoniresinol (13), (+)-isolariciresinol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (14), and isolariciresinol-9′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (15). Compound 1 was a new compound and named as neolignan A, and compounds 6-9 and 14 were isolated from Cornus officinalis for the first time. Compounds 2, 3 and 15 efficiently alleviated the PC12 cells injury induced by Aβ25-35, suggesting their potential anti-Alzheimer's disease activity.
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OBJECTIVE：To optimize the extraction technology for total triterpenes from the leaves of Cornus officinalis . METHODS：Based on the full swelling of the leaves of C. officinalis ，total triterpenes was extracted with heating reflux method. The effects of ethanol concentration ，liquid-solid ratio ，extraction time and extraction times on the contents of total triterpenes from the leaves of C. officinalis were investigated by single factor test. Using oleanolic acid as control ，the contents of total triterpenes were detected by UV spectrometry. On the basis of single factor test ，fixing the times of extraction a s 3 times，taking the contents of total triterpenes as response value ，using ethanol volume fraction ，solid-liquid ratio and extraction time as factors ， Box-Behnken design-response methodology was used to optimize the extraction technology of total triterpenes from the leaves of C. officinalis，and the optimized extraction technology was validated. RESULTS ：The optimal extraction technology of total triterpenes from the leaves of C. officinalis were as follows as ethanol concentration of 73％，liquid-to-material ratio of 38 ∶ 1（mL/g）， extraction time of 60 min. Results of 3 validation tests showed that the contents of total triterpenes from the leaves of C. officinalis were 6.92％，6.91％，6.84％；the average content was 6.89％（RSD＝0.63％），relative error of which with the predicted value （7.28％）was 5.36％. CONCLUSIONS ：The optimized technology is stable and reliable ，and can be used for the extraction of total triterpenes from leaves of C. officinalis .
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Objective: To clone the full-length cDNA sequence of CoDXR, a key enzyme gene of Cornus officinalis, and provide a basis for further study of C. officinalis. Methods: In this study, we used the transcript sequence c147202_g1 from the transcriptome data of C. officinalis obtained in our laboratory as template, designed specific primers through Primer Premier 5.0, cloned the full-length cDNA sequence of C. officinalis DXR gene by RT-PCR technology, and the bioinformatics analysis and function prediction were carried out through the relevant bioinformatics software. Results: The results showed that the CoDXR gene was 1 505 bp in length and the ORF was 729 bp in length, encoding 242 amino acids. The results of predictive analysis of CoDXR protein by SignalP4.0Server and HMMTOP showed that the protein was a hydrophobic protein without signal peptide and transmembrane region. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the CoDXR protein had the highest similarity to the DXR protein sequence of Camellia sinensis. Conclusion: In this study, the key enzyme gene CoDXR was successfully cloned based on the sequencing of the C. officinalis transcriptome, and related bioinformatics analysis was carried out. The results of this study laid the foundation for further study on the function of CoDXR gene in the terpenoid synthesis pathway of C. officinalis.
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Objective: To clone and analyze the cDNA sequence of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-a reductase (HMGR1) of Cornus officinalis. Methods: In this study, specific primers were designed at both ends of the open reading frame (ORF) based on the unigene (c100572_g1) in the transcriptome data from C. officinalis. Subsequently, the cDNA sequence of CoHMGR1 gene was amplified by RT-PCR, cloned into the pTOPO-T vector and sequenced. This gene and its encoded protein were analyzed using bioinformatics methods. Results: The results suggested that CoHMGR1 was 2 116 bp in length andthe ORF was 1 338 bp in length, which encodes 445 amino acids and is a hydrophobic protein. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that the amino acid sequence encoded by this gene has a high similarity with that of Camptotheca acuminate, reaching 79.56%. Based on the first comparison of transcriptome sequencing from leaves and fruits of C. officinalis, the CoHMGR1 gene was successfully cloned and analyzed. Conclusion: This study laid a foundation for studying the function of CoHMGR1 protein and the molecular mechanism of terpene biosynthesis pathway of C. officinalis.
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Objective: Through network pharmacology, the network relationship between the active component of Sanqi Mixture, the target of hepatic ischemia- reperfusion injury(HIRI), and biological pathway was constructed to explore the key target and mechanism of effect of Sanqi Mixture on HIRI. Method: Through literature research at home and abroad, Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) platform, Pharm Mapper, Swiss Target Prediction and other servers, oral availability (OB) and drug-likeness (DL) were selected as the limited conditions to collect the relevant targets for Sanqi Mixture for intervention in HIRI. The OMIM database was used to screen and collate HIRI related genes and protein targets. Excel table was used to merge and sort the intersection between disease and targets through Cytoscape3.7.2 software plug-ins Network Analyzer, with topological parameters (degree) ≥ 5 (average degrees of freedom 4.5) for the filter to find the core targets; And the intersection targets were imported to the server STRING, and with Confidence Score of 0.85 or higher for the filter conditions to build the core protein interactions (Hub-PPI) network. The intersection target was introduced into FunRich 3.0 software for biological process and biological pathway analysis, and Cytoscape3.7.2 was used to construct the network of "traditional Chinese medicine-active ingredient-HIRI target-biological pathway". Result: Sanqi mixture could reduce the expression of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutamate transaminase (ALT) in HIRI mice (P < 0.01). After screening, 45 active components of Sanqi Mixture were obtained, corresponding to 3 273 targets, and the main compounds included ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, brucine, quercetin, ginsenoside F2, paeoniflorin, etc. Among the 196 targets obtained by HIRI, 46 targets were intersected with components, including 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD11B1), adenosine receptor A3 (ADORA3), cyclooxygenase 2 (PTGS2), adenosine receptor A1 (ADORA1), protein kinase C-ε (PKC), etc. With the STRING server setting the qualified condition of Confidence Score ≥ 0.85, the PPI network with high Confidence was obtained and clustered into three categories through cluster processing. Five biological processes including protein metabolism, signal transduction, negative regulation of enzyme activity, inflammatory response and transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signal pathway were analyzed by FunRich software (P < 0.05). 16 biological pathways including integrin-linked kinase signal, TNF receptor signaling pathway, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, and TRAIL signaling pathway (P < 0.01). Conclusion: It is preliminarily discussed that Sanqi Mixture intervenes HIRI through the interaction of multiple components and multiple targets, as well as the regulation of multiple biological pathways and biological processes. However, the key core targets and the specific regulation mechanism still need further experimental verification.
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Objective To develope a novel method to generate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in a mild condition by using the Cornus officinalis aqueous extract, study their antibacterial activity, and explore the mechanism of reduction reaction. Methods The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy; The particle size, surface properties, and morphology features of AgNPs were characterized by laser particle analyzer as well as transmission electron microscopy; The mechanism of reduction reaction was studied by IR. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was investigated by disk agar diffusion method. Results The AgNPs were prepared under mild reaction conditions by C. officinalis aqueous extract, the optimum condition is ultrasonic reaction for 4 h (pH 9.0). Quasi-spherical shaped AgNPs were synthesized with average particle size of 58.73 nm, which was uniform, stable, and well dispersed. The presence of flavonoids in C. officinalis aqueous extract may be the reductant to produce the AgNPs. In the meantime, the active components in the aqueous extract form a protective layer on the surface of AgNPs to prevent aggregation and increase the stability of AgNPs. Compared with the chemically synthesized AgNPs, the antibacterial activity of AgNPs generated by C. officinalis aqueous extract increased 20-fold and 40-fold for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Conclusion C. officinalis aqueous extract can prepare AgNPs under mild conditions, the flavonoids in the extract may be the reductive reagent and can stabilize AgNPs. The AgNPs prepared by this method have stronger antibacterial properties than those prepared by chemical method. The AgNPs synthesized by this method are stable and can be used as a new antimicrobial agent.
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Objective To study the efficacy enhancing and toxicity reducing effects of compatibility of Aconitum carmichaeli and Cornus officinalis on chronic heart failure (CHF) rats. Methods The CHF rats was established by ip injection of adriamycin (ADM), the CHF rats were administrated tested drugs for three weeks by means of ig administration, the tested drugs included extracts of A. carmichaeli, C. officinalis, and Compound. The serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level, activity of Ca2+-ATP and Na+, K+-ATP enzymes in cardiac myocytes, and cardiac histopathology were measured. Results After three weeks of modeling, the CHF rats showed signs of ascites, loss of weight, loose stool, hogback, etc. The left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and fraction shortening (FS) decreased significantly, and the level of BNP in serum was significantly improved; Pathological changes of ventricular tissue included rupture of myocardial fibers, degeneration and necrosis of cardiomyocytes, etc. After three weeks of gavage compatibility of A. carmichaeli and C. officinalis, the general state and cardiac histopathology of the animal was obviously improved, the level of BNP in serum was reduced significantly, the activity of Na+, K+-ATP enzymes was increased significantly. No notable improvement in the above indexes was obtained after administration of A. carmichaeli and C. officinalis alone. Conclusion The compatibility of A. carmichaeli and C. officinalis can increase the activity of Na+, K+-ATP enzyme in cardiac myocytes, and improve the energy metabolism and activity of cardiac myocytes in chronic heart failure. The compatibility of A. carmichaeli and C. officinalis play the key role of enhancing efficacy and reducing toxicity.
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Objective To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Cornus officinalis (CO) Decotion and its refined solutions from membrane separation by using 0.05 μm inorganic ceramic membrane (CO-0.05) and 10K polysulfone hollow fiber membrane (CO-10K), and evaluate the applicability of the membrane separation technique for concentrating the anti-inflammatory compounds of C. officinalis Decotion. Methods Inflammatory model of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α stimulated human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (HFLS) was prepared. The CCK-8 assay and ELISA were applied to detect the effects of C. officinalis Decotion and its refined solutions on the viability of HFLS and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, respectively. Moreover, the animal model of adjuvant arthritis (AA) was used. The SD rats were divided into six groups: control group, model (AA) group and AA groups intragastrically receiving CO (120 mg/kg), CO-0.05 (120 mg/kg), CO-10K (120 mg/kg) and TGP (0.125 mg/kg) with daily treatments for 23 days. The weight and paw swelling of rats in different groups were detected. The ELISA was used to detect secretion levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α in serum. Results The production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced by IL-1β/TNF-α were significantly inhibited with C. officinalis Decotion and its refined solutions by membrane separation treatment (P < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001). C. officinalis Decoction and the refined solutions significantly ameliorated paw swelling and increased weight gain of AA rats (P < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001), and reduced the secretion of TNF-α, PGE2, IL-1, IL-6 in serum (P < 0.001). By comparing the inhibition efficiency of inflammatory cytokines by inorganic ceramic membrane refined solution and polysulfone hollow fiber membrane refined solution, the polysulfone hollow fiber membrane refined solution exhibited better anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion Both of refined solutions of C. officinalis Decotion from inorganic ceramic membrane and polysulfone hollow fiber membrane separation exhibited dramatically anti-inflammtory activity. Moreover, the polysulfone hollow fiber membrane was more applicable for concentrating the anti-inflammatory compounds of C. officinalis Decotion.
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Objective: Cornus officinalis is a commonly used medicinal material in our country. In the study, the CobHLH7 was cloned and analyzed, which might be closely related to the iridoid glycosides synthesis, based on the transcriptome sequencing of Cornus officinalis fruits. Methods The special primers were designed from the both sides of open reading frame of unigene c15204_g1. The total RNA was extracted and reversed transcribed into cDNA. The transcription factor CobHLH7 was cloned through RT-PCR method, and the pMD19-T cloning vector were used for sequencing. A series of bioinformatics analysis of CobHLH7 was performed by software Protparatam, ProtScale, and SOPMA etc. Results The cDNA of CobHLH7 gene was 941bp in length, encoding 266 amino acids with a molecular weight of 29 220 and isoelectric point of 6.32. The analysis of bioinformatics through SOPMA showed that the protein was a neutral unstable protein. Its advanced structure mainly was alpha helix and random coil, and the content of beta turn and extended strand were less. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees showed that CobHLH7 protein has high homology with ILR3 of Solanum tuberosum, ILR3-like of model organism Nicotiana attenuate. Conclusion For the first time, the CobHLH7 cDNA sequence was cloned and analyzed successfully from C. officinalis, which would lay the foundation for studying its biological functions deeply.
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OBJECTIVE： To establish the method for simultaneous determination of 69 kinds of pesticide residues in Paeonia tactilora， Astragalus membranaceus， Ranunculus ternatus and Cornus officinalis. METHODS： GC-MS/MS method was adopted. The determination was performed on HP-5MS fused silica capillary column with splitless injecting samples. The injector temperature was set at 240 ℃， and sample size was 1 μL. The carrier gas was high-purity helium， the inlet mode was constant pressure， the pre-column pressure was 146 kPa， and the temperature was programmed. Triple four-pole tandem mass spectrometry was used for the detection， and electron impact ion source was used as ion source. The temperature of the ion source was 230 ℃， ionization energy was 70 eV， and the collision gas was nitrogen. The inlet temperature was 280 ℃ and four-pole temperature was 150 ℃， mass spectrometry monitoring mode was multi-reaction monitoring （MRM）， and solvent delay time was 5 min. RESULTS： The linear range of 69 kinds of pesticide residue was 4.82-399.6 ng/mL （all r＞0.990）. LODs were all in the range of 0.001 7-0.013 3 mg/kg， and LOQs were all in the range of 0.000 5-0.004 mg/kg. RSDs of precision and stability tests were less than 10％ （n＝6）. RSD of reproducibility test was lower than 5％ （n＝6， only pesticide amidine and permethrin were detected）. The recoveries were in the range of 62.9％-123.5％ （all RSD＜10％， n＝6）. Among 12 batches of samples， dichlorvos and diphenylamine were detected in C. officinalis； chlordimeform and permethrin were detected in A. membranaceus； diphenylamine and chlordimeform were detected in P. tactilora； diphenylamine and vinclozolin were detected in R. ternatus. CONCLUSIONS： The method is simple in operation and reproducible for simultaneous determination of 69 kinds of pesticide residue in P. tactilora， A. membranaceus， R. ternatus and C. officinalis.
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Objective: To investigate the effects of a herb complex extract (HCE) prepared from Cornus officinalis Sieb. Et Zucc., Eriobotrya japonica Lindley, and olive leaves on immune response of mouse spleen NK cells in vitro and in vivo analysis. Methods: The activity of natural killer (NK) cells was measured in splenocytes and YAC-1 cells. Mice were immunosuppressed using cyclophosphamide (5 mg/kg body weight). Three different doses of HCE (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg body weight) and red ginseng extract (800 mg/kg body weight) which was used as standard immunomodulatory herb were administered orally for 4 weeks. The body weight, dietary, water intake, organs (liver, thymus, and spleen) weight, completed blood count, and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, and interleukin-2) production was measured. Results: At the maximum concentration of HCE, the activity of NK cells was increased by 48.5%. HCE increased liver, spleen, and thymus weights without altering numbers of white blood cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression rat model. However, HCE recovered the inhibited cytokine expression; HCE (800 mg/kg) increased cytokines levels. The results indicate the immune enhancement potential of this HCE. Conclusion: The HCE enhances immunity by increasing NK cell activity, regulating cytokine levels, and maintaining spleen weight. Therefore, it may be used as a potential immunity enhancer.
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Objective:To investigate the effects of a herb complex extract (HCE) prepared from Cornus officinalis Sieb. Et Zucc., Eriobotrya japonica Lindley, and olive leaves on immune response of mouse spleen NK cells in vitro and in vivo analysis.Methods:The activity of natural killer (NK) cells was measured in splenocytes and YAC-1 cells. Mice were immunosuppressed using cyclophosphamide (5 mg/kg body weight). Three different doses of HCE (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg body weight) and red ginseng extract (800 mg/kg body weight) which was used as standard immunomodulatory herb were administered orally for 4 weeks. The body weight, dietary, water intake, organs (liver, thymus, and spleen) weight, completed blood count, and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, and interleukin-2) production was measured.Results:At the maximum concentration of HCE, the activity of NK cells was increased by 48.5%. HCE increased liver, spleen, and thymus weights without altering numbers of white blood cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression rat model. However, HCE recovered the inhibited cytokine expression; HCE (800 mg/kg) increased cytokines levels. The results indicate the immune enhancement potential of this HCE.Conclusion:The HCE enhances immunity by increasing NK cell activity, regulating cytokine levels, and maintaining spleen weight. Therefore, it may be used as a potential immunity enhancer.
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To investigate the chemical compounds from the ripe fruit of Cornus officinalis, a new phenylpropanoid glycoside 1-O-(6'-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-p-phenylpropanol, named cornuphenylpropanoid A (1), were separated and purified by D101 macroporous resin, silica gel and ODS column chromatography. Its structure was extensively determined on basis of ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, DEPT, HSQC, HMBC and HR-ESI-MS spectroscopic data.
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Cornus , Chemistry , Fruit , Chemistry , Glycosides , Chemistry , Molecular Structure , Phytochemicals , ChemistryABSTRACT
Objective To establish an HPLC method for the content determination of morroniside, sweroside, paeoniflorin and loganin of Liuwei Dihuang Decoction and its Cornus Officinalis-Cortex Moutan couple; To discuss the relationship between the whole prescription and the couple of main pharmacodynamic components. Methods The HPLC method was used at Hypersile C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm); the mobile phase consisted of methanol-water (24:76); the detective wavelength was 236 nm; the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min; the column temperature was 30 ℃. Results The linear ranges of morroniside, sweroside, paeoniflorin and loganin were among 0.480–7.680 μg (r=0.999 3), 0.103–1.650 μg (r=0.999 5), 0.120–1.920 μg (r=0.999 1) and 0.227–3.630 μg (r=0.999 7), respectively. The average recovery rates and RSD were 102.79%, 102.29%, 100.99%, 102.48%, and 1.73%, 1.48%, 1.32%, 0.75%, respectively. The contents of morroniside, sweroside and paeoniflorin in Liuwei Dihuang Decoction were slightly higher than that in Cornus Officinalis - Cortex Moutan couple, and the contents of loganin were almost the same. Conclusion The method is simple, stable, accurate and reproducible. It can be used for content determinate of glycosides in Liuwei Dihuang Decoction and Cornus Officinalis-Cortex Moutan couple. Cornus Officinalis-Cortex Moutan couple has the glycosides with tonifying kidney effect of Liuwei Dihuang Decoction.
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Objective:To investigate the effects of Fructus Corni extract on the B7-H6 expression in primary liver cancer cells of rats. Methods:Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, namely, model, matrine, and Cornus officinalis. The rat model bear-ing the primary liver cancer was induced by diethylnitrosamine, except for the rats in the control group. The rats in both the matrine and Cornus officinalis groups were fed with matrine and Cornus officinalis. The rats in model groups were fed with 0.9％sodium chlo-ride solution. The number of hepatocellular carcinoma nodules was calculated, and the tumor growth inhibition rate was also calculat-ed. The pathological changes of hepatic tissues in rats of each group were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression levels of B7-H6 in these three groups were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results:The number of liver nod-ules of the matrine and Fructus Corni group rats was lower than that of the model group (P<0.05). The tumor inhibition rate of the Cor-nus group was significantly higher than that of the matrine group (P<0.05). The tumor growth inhibition rate of the Cornus officinalis group was significantly higher than that of the matrine group (P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed that the positive expression of B7-H6 in the Cornus officinalis group and the matrine group was significantly higher than that in the model group (P<0.05), and the positive expression of B7-H6 in the Cornus officinalis group was significantly higher than that in the matrine group (P<0.05). Similarly, the protein expression of B7-H6 in the Cornus officinalis and matrine groups was significantly higher than that in the model group (P<0.05) by Western blot, while the protein expression of B7-H6 in the Cornus officinalis group was significantly higher than that in the matrine group (P<0.05). Conclusion:Fructus Corni extract may inhibit the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma through upregulating the B7-H6 expression.
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OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents from the ripe fruits of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc., and evaluate their protection on PC12 cells exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation. METHODS: The compounds were isolated through various chromatographic methods including macroporous adsorption resin, silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and preparative HPLC, and their structures were determined through spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR and MS data. RESULTS: Eight compounds were isolated from the water extract of the ripe fruits of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc., and their structures were elucidated as 6'-O-acetyl-7β-O-ethyl morroniside (1), chrysoderol(2), luteolin(3), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(4), syringate(5),p-hydroxybenzoic acid(6), caffeic acid methyl ester(7), ethyl gallate(8). CONCLUSION: Compound 1 is a new iridoid glucoside, and compounds 2, 3, 5, 7 are obtained from Cornus officinalis for the first time. The MTT results show that compound 4 moderately increases the viability of OGD/R treated PC12 cells at the concentration of 1.0 μmol·L-1.
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Objective: To establish a method of quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS) for medicinal materials and pieces of Cornus officinalis. This method was used in combination with electronic-eye and electronic-tongue technique, and the best steaming time of Cornus officinalis was selected. Methods: Medicinal materials and pieces of C. officinalis were used as the research objects. The contents of five components were determined by establishing the relative correction factor (RCF) of gallic acid, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF), morroniside, cornuside, and internal reference loganin in C. officinalis. Color and taste were measured by electronic eye and electronic tongue technique. The data were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), and the best steaming time was optimized by analyzing the results of three methods. Results: The five compounds were well separated. The RSD values of precision and reproducibility were all less than 2%. The stability was good in 24 h. The linear relationship among the concentration and peak areas of the five compounds was all linear (r ≥ 0.999 6). The average recoveries were between 98% and 100.1% and the RSD values were all less than 2%; The RCFs of loganin with the other four compounds were 0.560, 1.344, 1.255, and 0.972 in a linear range. In the principal component analysis (PCA), the sums of main components were 94.618% and 94.98% and the discrimination indexes (DI) were 98 and 93, which indicated that all the samples of C. officinalis could be distinguished well by the electronic-eye and the electronic-tongue. The results showed that the optimum steaming time of C. officinalis was 4 h. Conclusion: The best steaming time of C. officinalis can be optimized by the combination of QAMS with electronic-eye and electronic-tongue techniques.
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In order to explore genetic basis for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolism,the transcriptome of Cornus officinalis was sequenced by the new generation of high-throughput sequencing technology,A total of 96 032 unigenes were assembled with an average length of 590.53 bp. Among them, 35 478 unigenes were annotated in the public databases NR,Swissprot,COG,GO,KOG,Pfam and KEGG. Based on the assignment of KEGG pathway, 84 involved in ridoid biosynthesis and 487 unigenes involved in others secondary metabolites biosynthesis were found. Additionally,53 unigenes and 72 unigenes were predicted to have potential functions of cytochome P450 and UDP- glycosyltransferases based on the annotation result, which may encode responsible for secondary metabolites modification. This study was the first comprehensive transcriptome analysis for C. officinalis, and the candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were obtained. The transcriptome data constitutes a much more abundant genetic resource that can be utilized to benefit further molecular biology studies on C. officinalis.
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Objective To investigate the metabolic routes and metabolites of Rehmannia glutinosa and Cornus officinalis herb pair produced by gut microbiome from rats. Methods A rapid and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) technique combined with Metabolynx™ software was established and successfully applied to identify the metabolites of the main bioactive components in the herb pair extract by rat intestinal bacteria. Results Four parent compounds (loganin, morroniside, catalpol, and acteoside) and their eight corresponding metabolites were detected and tentatively identified by the characteristics of their protonated ions. Hydrogenated and demethylated loganetin, dehydroxylated morronisid aglycone, caffeic acid, and its methylated product were the main metabolites. These metabolites suggested that the glycosides were firstly hydrolyzed to their aglycones by hydrolytic enzymes of the enteric microbial flora and subsequently to the other metabolites through hydrogenation, (de)-methylation, and de-hydroxylation. Conclusion The results may be helpful for the further investigation of the pharmacokinetic study of R. glutinosa and C. officinalis herb pair in vivo.